How many Bitcoin nodes exist worldwide?

Our crawler discovers thousands of reachable Bitcoin nodes. The actual number is higher as many nodes operate behind firewalls without accepting incoming connections.

Which Bitcoin Core version should I run?

Always use the latest stable Bitcoin Core release from bitcoincore.org. Newer versions include security patches, performance improvements, and protocol upgrades.

What hardware do I need for a Bitcoin node?

Minimum requirements: 1 TB SSD, 8 GB RAM, and a stable internet connection. A Raspberry Pi 5 or any low-power mini-PC works well. Initial sync takes 1-3 days.

How often is node data updated?

Our Bitcoin network crawler runs continuously, checking node reachability every few minutes. Statistics refresh every 5 minutes.

🕸️

Crawler Rete Bitcoin

Panoramica globale di tutti i nodi Bitcoin raggiungibili

Il nostro crawler della rete Bitcoin scansiona continuamente la rete peer-to-peer per scoprire i nodi completi attivi. Ogni nodo convalida transazioni e blocchi indipendentemente, contribuendo alla decentralizzazione e alla sicurezza di Bitcoin.

Nodi Totali (DB) 22871

Attivi (24h) 14081

🌐 Tutti (14081) 📍 IPv4 (12012) 🔷 IPv6 (2056) 🧅 Onion (13)

🏢 Statistiche dei provider di hosting →

⏱️

Ultimo Crawl

Stato Completato

Ora di Inizio 24.12.2025 16:00

Peer Trovati 13676

🌍

Paesi

Paese	Conteggio
US	7415
DE	1151
NL	372
FR	368
CA	329
GB	259
RU	192
CH	168
AU	151
ES	121
KR	119
CZ	103
AT	84
IT	75
SE	73
PL	56
LT	53
SG	45
BR	45
JP	43
BG	42
FI	40
UA	40
RO	38
NO	37
AE	36
NZ	31
PT	30
CN	28
ZA	28
BE	24
SK	22
HK	19
IE	19
DK	19
SI	18
HU	17
TH	17
MY	13
TW	12
CY	12
EE	11
IL	11
TR	11
MX	10
AR	10
IN	10
LU	10
IS	9
MD	8
ID	7
PA	7
CL	6
RS	6
CR	6
LV	6
GR	6
MT	6
CO	5
BY	5
CW	5
SC	5
HR	4
GI	4
VN	4
OM	4
KG	4
IR	4
KZ	3
SA	3
UY	3
AD	3
KW	2
PH	2
IM	2
NG	2
DO	2
ME	2
VE	2
LI	2
FO	2
DM	1
KH	1
GU	1
BZ	1
AZ	1
VG	1
MO	1
PR	1
JE	1
AW	1
SV	1
TT	1
QA	1
HN	1
RE	1
GE	1
BO	1
KE	1
EU	1
Sconosciuto	0

💾

Versioni

User Agent	Conteggio
Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	3508
Satoshi:30.0.0	1626
Satoshi:27.0.0	1433
Satoshi:28.1.0	738
Satoshi:29.0.0	647
Satoshi:29.1.0	414
Satoshi:25.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	392
Satoshi:25.1.0	365
Satoshi:25.0.0	351
Satoshi:28.0.0	240
Satoshi:28.1.0/Knots:20250305	197
Satoshi:27.1.0	192
Satoshi:26.0.0	155
Satoshi:29.1.0/Knots:20250903	147
Satoshi:28.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	141
Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251010	139
Satoshi:22.0.0	138
Satoshi:24.0.1	127
Satoshi:29.2.0	120
Satoshi:22.0.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	86
Satoshi:23.0.0	58
Satoshi:0.21.1	56
Satoshi:30.99.0	48
Satoshi:0.20.0	47
Satoshi:27.2.0	42
Satoshi:26.2.0	39
Satoshi:28.2.0	31
Satoshi:0.21.0	29
Satoshi:0.18.0	28
Satoshi:29.99.0	26
Satoshi:26.1.0	25
Satoshi:0.20.1	20
btcwire:0.5.0/btcd:0.24.2	14
Satoshi:29.2.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)/Knots:20251110	13
Satoshi:24.1.0	13
Satoshi:27.1.0/Knots:20240801	12
Satoshi:28.3.0	12
Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110+bip110-v0.1rc1/UASF-BIP110:0.1	12
Satoshi:23.1.0	11
Satoshi:0.18.1	10
Satoshi:24.2.0	10
Satoshi:0.19.1	10
Satoshi:25.99.0	10
Satoshi:0.17.1	9
Satoshi:24.0.0	9
Satoshi:0.16.3	8
Satoshi:25.2.0	8
Satoshi:26.99.0	7
Satoshi:28.99.0	7
Satoshi:0.19.0.1	7
Satoshi:0.20.1(Omni:0.11.0)	7
Satoshi:30.1.0	6
Satoshi:24.99.0	6
Satoshi:22.1.0	5
Satoshi:27.99.0	5
Satoshi:0.17.0	4
Satoshi:0.15.1	3
btcwire:0.5.0/btcd:0.23.2	3
Satoshi:0.17.0.1	3
btcwire:0.5.0/btcd:0.25.0	3
Satoshi:29.1.0(dim-3500)	3
CKCoinD:29.0.0	3
Satoshi:0.20.1(Omni:0.12.0.1)	3
Satoshi:28.1.0(Peak)/Knots:20250305	3
Satoshi:0.12.1(bitcore)	3
Satoshi:0.13.0	3
Satoshi:0.14.1	2
Satoshi:26.1.0/Knots:20240513	2
Satoshi:30.0.0(anthonyuk.com)	2
Satoshi:0.14.2	2
Satoshi:1.0.0	2
Satoshi:0.15.0.1	2
Satoshi:0.15.99	2
Satoshi:30.0.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	2
btcwire:0.5.0/btcd:0.23.3	2
Satoshi:29.2.0(not-your-file-server)/Knots:20251110	2
Satoshi:23.99.0	2
Satoshi:0.17.2	2
btcwire:0.5.0/utreexod:0.4.1	2
Satoshi:29.1.0(Peak)/Knots:20250903	2
Satoshi:0.19.99	2
Natasha:0.2.0	2
Satoshi:25.1.0/Knots:20231115	2
Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251010/UASF-BIP444:0.1	2
Satoshi:29.2.0(0)	2
Satoshi:29.2.0(1)	2
Satoshi:0.20.2	2
Satoshi:29.2.0(2)	2
Satoshi:0.12.1	2
Satoshi:26.0.0(UASF-SegWit-BIP148)	2
Satoshi:30.0.0(@emzy)	2
Satoshi:0.21.2	2
Satoshi:0.13.1	2
Satoshi:0.9.3	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(BIP444)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(BitAccelerate.com)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(BINSYS-Core-Node)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Bitcoin is money. Do NOT transfer nonmonetary data.)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(bitcoin4eva)	1
Satoshi:22.0.0(Alcochete1)	1
Satoshi:28.3.0(@emzy)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Corea)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:27.0.0(bitcoin.jochemkessens.nl)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(Bitcoio dot org Donations bc1qkpxqj6zqqpcs25rhzt6c3kawkxfz5nrd0dlshh)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Erikslund-Node)	1
Satoshi:0.15.2	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(Blackcoin.org)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(filteroor)/Knots:20251110+bip110-v0.1rc1/UASF-BIP110:0.1	1
Satoshi:27.1.0(lilnancy)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(doLuNode)	1
Satoshi:0.16.0	1
Satoshi:22.99.0	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(ice)	1
Satoshi:0.16.2(bitcore)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(MAGA)	1
bcoin:2.2.0	1
Satoshi:23.0.0(@wiz)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Kilombino-Bitcoin-Only-Not-Multimedia)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(MiniBolt node)	1
BitcoinUnlimited:1.0.3(EB16; AD12)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(MiniBolt node)	1
Satoshi:0.16.99	1
Satoshi:27.99.0(qrypt.tech)	1
Satoshi:29.0.0(bitcoin-sl)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(needs-coffee)	1
Satoshi:23.0.0/Knots:20220529	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(node)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:29.0.0(btc.nth.io)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(SwissCoreBTC)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Nordrassil)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:27.99.21	1
Satoshi:29.0.0(hndypzdy)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(VerifyDontTrust)	1
btcwire:0.5.0/btcd:0.24.1	1
Satoshi:23.2.0	1
Satoshi:28.0.0(ALLPWD.COM)	1
Satoshi:29.0.0(RoninDojo 2.4.1)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(Wanton; Jezebel)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(orangent15923)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:28.0.0(Bitcoin to rule the world)	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(zaoi-fullnode)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Peak)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:0.17.99	1
Satoshi:28.0.0(D405 House Corp.)	1
Satoshi:29.1.0()	1
Satoshi:24.0.1(opreturn.net)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Reject CSAM. Support BIP-444.)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:0.18.0(bitcore)	1
Satoshi:28.0.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	1
Satoshi:24.0.1(sil3ntnod3)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(SovereignSurfer)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:28.0.0(MiniBolt node)	1
Satoshi:29.1.0(dim-full)	1
Satoshi:30.99.0(znk)	1
Classic:0.11.2	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(spam-filter-m)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:29.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)/Knots:20250903	1
Classic:1.2.0(EB3.7)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Supports BIP110)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:0.18.99	1
Satoshi:28.1.0()	1
Satoshi:29.1.0(My mempool does not contain trash.)/Knots:20250903	1
Satushi:22.69.0	1
Classic:1.3.3(EB8)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Supports BIP444 110)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(An4th4)/Knots:20250305	1
therealbitcoin.org:0.9.99.99	1
cooltexture:29.1.0	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Supports BIP444)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(bitcoin-cli)	1
Satoshi:29.1.0(PyBLOCK-POOL)/Knots:20250903/https://pyblock.xyz:8334	1
Domains4Bitcoins.com:443	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(WindyX)/Knots:20251010	1
Satoshi:0.19.2	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(bitcore)	1
Satoshi:29.1.0(Supports BIP444)/Knots:20250903	1
jwrd.net:0.9.99.99	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(bitcore2)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0/Corea:20251101	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(BlockchainTek)/Knots:20250305	1
Satoshi:29.1.0/Knots:20250827rc4	1
Satoshi-BTF(BitcoinFinance)-Main-vSeventeen:0.17.1	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(BTC_Is_Hijacked)	1
Satoshi:0.10.0	1
Satoshi:0.11.2(bitcore)	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)/Knots:20250305	1
Satoshi:0.12.0	1
Satoshi:26.0.0(Delete Conbase)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110/UASF-BIP110:0.1	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(HODL - Node Fund bc1q5m3a075678y9xd9ccdevhtthxvaf79dl7r5qfz)	1
Satoshi:0.12.1()	1
Satoshi:26.0.0(FEHU-02)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(anti-spam-solo)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:26.0.0(FullNode; Electrum; Indexer)	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(PPB)/Knots:20250305	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(Barcelona Bitcoin Only community node)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:28.1.0(Supports BIP444)	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(BIP110 meow miao)/Knots:20251110	1
Satoshi:30.0.0(0)	1
Satoshi:0.8.6	1
Satoshi:29.2.0(BIP110)/Knots:20251110	1

🟢

Nodi Attivi (Ultime 24h)

Indirizzo	Porta	Nome Host	Paese	Nome ASN	Versione	Altezza	Ultima visualizzazione
71.209.183.61	8334	71-209-183-61.phnx.qwest.net	US	CENTURYLINK-US-LEGACY-QWEST, US	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
84.2.106.41	8333	54026A29.dsl.pool.telekom.hu	HU	MAGYAR-TELEKOM-MAIN-AS Magyar Telekom Nyrt., HU	Satoshi:27.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
86.29.33.212	8333	cpc89262-grnk8-2-0-cust467.14…	GB	NTL, GB	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
136.49.50.220	8333	136-49-50-220.googlefiber.net	US	GOOGLE-FIBER, US	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
88.130.118.199	8333	mue-88-130-118-199.dsl.tropol…	DE	VERSATEL, DE	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
83.44.101.174	8333	174.red-83-44-101.dynamicip.r…	ES	TELEFONICA_DE_ESPANA, ES	Satoshi:0.21.1	929295	8 minuti fa
76.145.177.181	9333	c-76-145-177-181.hsd1.ga.comc…	US	COMCAST-7922, US	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
90.213.6.122	8333	-	GB	BSKYB-BROADBAND-AS, GB	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
208.88.203.140	8333	node-203-140.flex.volo.net	US	VOLOCU, US	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
60.241.41.201	8333	60-241-41-201.static.tpgi.com…	AU	TPG-INTERNET-AP TPG Telecom Limited, AU	Satoshi:29.1.0/Knots:20250903	929295	8 minuti fa
76.174.172.155	9333	syn-076-174-172-155.res.spect…	US	TWC-20001-PACWEST, US	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
95.159.227.48	8333	internet-95-159-227-48.narocn…	SI	SIOL-NET Telekom Slovenije d.d., SI	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
83.5.23.217	8333	83.5.23.217.ipv4.supernova.or…	PL	TPNET, PL	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251010	929295	8 minuti fa
188.195.9.29	8333	ipbcc3091d.dynamic.kabel-deut…	DE	VODANET International IP-Backbone of Vodafone, DE	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
91.52.147.228	8333	p5b3493e4.dip0.t-ipconnect.de	DE	DTAG Internet service provider operations, DE	Satoshi:26.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
91.23.71.12	8333	p5b17470c.dip0.t-ipconnect.de	DE	DTAG Internet service provider operations, DE	Satoshi:29.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
64.225.3.130	8333	-	US	DIGITALOCEAN-ASN, US	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
142.118.92.218	8333	lnsm2-montreal02-142-118-92-2…	CA	BACOM, CA	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
193.221.200.154	8333	-	RU	PARTNER-HOSTING-LTD, GB	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
220.244.54.29	8333	220-244-54-29.tpgi.com.au	AU	TPG-INTERNET-AP TPG Telecom Limited, AU	Satoshi:25.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
96.248.115.94	8333	pool-96-248-115-94.cmdnnj.fio…	US	UUNET, US	Satoshi:25.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
109.146.105.129	9333	host109-146-105-129.range109-…	GB	BT-UK-AS BTnet UK Regional network, GB	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
93.93.205.109	8333	-	IL	KAMATERA, US	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
210.55.57.14	8333	210-55-57-14.adsl.xtra.co.nz	NZ	SPARKNZ Spark New Zealand Trading Ltd., NZ	Satoshi:25.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
122.34.149.130	8333	-	KR	POWERVIS-AS-KR LG POWERCOMM, KR	Satoshi:27.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
73.178.24.195	8333	-	US	COMCAST-7922, US	Satoshi:23.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
184.82.120.218	8333	184-82-120-0.24.public.tls1b-…	TH	AIS-FIBRE-AS-AP AIS Fibre, TH	Satoshi:28.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
47.197.177.171	8333	47-197-177-171.fdr01.tamp.fl.…	US	FRONTIER-FRTR, US	Satoshi:25.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
82.208.20.163	8333	vmi2954342.contaboserver.net	DE	CONTABO, DE	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
77.56.5.118	8333	77-56-5-118.dclient.hispeed.ch	CH	SUNRISE, CH	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
183.99.179.62	8333	-	KR	KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom, KR	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
72.109.73.4	8333	4.sub-72-109-73.myvzw.com	US	CELLCO-PART, US	Satoshi:28.1.0/Knots:20250305	929295	8 minuti fa
58.7.192.102	8333	58-7-192-102.dyn.iinet.net.au	AU	TPG-INTERNET-AP TPG Telecom Limited, AU	Satoshi:25.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
173.165.27.28	8333	173-165-27-28-Illinois.hfc.co…	US	COMCAST-7922, US	Satoshi:29.2.0	929295	8 minuti fa
47.145.65.88	8333	47-145-65-88.fdr01.clms.ca.ip…	US	FRONTIER-FRTR, US	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
74.68.79.4	8333	syn-074-068-079-004.res.spect…	US	TWC-12271-NYC, US	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
75.140.105.49	7335	syn-075-140-105-049.res.spect…	US	CHARTER-20115, US	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
217.231.204.141	8333	pd9e7cc8d.dip0.t-ipconnect.de	DE	DTAG Internet service provider operations, DE	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
177.116.159.89	8333	177-116-159-89.user.vivozap.c…	BR	TELEFONICA BRASIL S.A, BR	Satoshi:29.2.0	929295	8 minuti fa
67.169.91.194	8333	c-67-169-91-194.hsd1.ca.comca…	US	COMCAST-7922, US	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251010	929295	8 minuti fa
18.117.112.227	8333	ec2-18-117-112-227.us-east-2.…	US	AMAZON-02, US	Satoshi:28.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
65.186.91.174	8333	syn-065-186-091-174.res.spect…	US	TWC-10796-MIDWEST, US	Satoshi:25.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
136.35.45.122	8333	136-35-45-122.googlefiber.net	US	GOOGLE-FIBER, US	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
64.23.179.91	8332	-	US	DIGITALOCEAN-ASN, US	Satoshi:29.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
86.163.71.240	8333	host86-163-71-240.range86-163…	GB	BT-UK-AS BTnet UK Regional network, GB	Satoshi:25.1.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
176.114.95.220	8333	-	RU	SELECTEL-MSK, RU	Satoshi:29.2.0/Knots:20251110	929295	8 minuti fa
184.185.101.19	8333	wsip-184-185-101-19.oc.oc.cox…	US	ASN-CXA-ALL-CCI-22773-RDC, US	Satoshi:22.0.0(FutureBit-Apollo-Node)	929295	8 minuti fa
208.59.229.204	8333	208-59-229-204.s2507.c3-0.bis…	US	RCN-AS, US	Satoshi:25.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa
24.64.91.23	8333	S0106744d284f7e6b.mh.shawcabl…	CA	SHAW, CA	Satoshi:30.0.0	929295	8 minuti fa
134.128.196.155	8333	134-128-196-155.beanfield.net	CA	BEANFIELD, CA	Satoshi:28.1.0	929295	8 minuti fa

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📖

Cos'è un nodo Bitcoin?

Full Node vs. Light Node

Un full node Bitcoin memorizza l'intera blockchain (oltre 500 GB) e convalida ogni transazione in modo indipendente. A differenza dei light node (SPV), i full node non si fidano di terze parti: verificano tutto da soli. Questo li rende essenziali per l'architettura trustless di Bitcoin.

Perché gestire un nodo Bitcoin?

Gestire il proprio nodo ti garantisce la sovranità finanziaria: verifichi le tue transazioni senza doverti fidare di exchange o servizi di terze parti. Gli operatori dei nodi rafforzano inoltre la decentralizzazione della rete e aiutano i nuovi nodi a sincronizzarsi più velocemente.

Tipi di Rete: IPv4, IPv6 e Tor

I nodi Bitcoin comunicano tramite diversi livelli di rete. I nodi IPv4 sono i più comuni, mentre l'adozione di IPv6 cresce costantemente. I nodi Tor (.onion) forniscono una maggiore privacy nascondendo l'indirizzo IP dell'operatore, sebbene con una latenza leggermente superiore.

❓

Domande Frequenti

Quanti nodi Bitcoin esistono al mondo?

Attualmente, il nostro crawler ha scoperto 22871 nodi in totale, di cui 14081 erano raggiungibili nelle ultime 24 ore. Il numero effettivo di nodi è probabilmente più alto, poiché molti operano dietro firewall o NAT senza accettare connessioni in entrata.

Quale versione di Bitcoin Core dovrei usare?

Usa sempre l'ultima versione stabile di Bitcoin Core da bitcoincore.org. Le versioni più recenti includono patch di sicurezza, miglioramenti delle prestazioni e aggiornamenti del protocollo. Controlla le nostre statistiche sopra per vedere le versioni più popolari sulla rete.

Ogni quanto vengono aggiornati questi dati?

Il nostro crawler della rete Bitcoin gira continuamente, controllando la raggiungibilità dei nodi ogni pochi minuti. Le statistiche su questa pagina si aggiornano ogni 5 minuti. Clicca su qualsiasi nodo per vedere la cronologia dettagliata di latenza e uptime.

Di quale hardware ho bisogno per un nodo Bitcoin?

Requisiti minimi: 1 TB SSD (la blockchain cresce di circa 50-80 GB all'anno), 8 GB di RAM e una connessione Internet stabile. Un Raspberry Pi 5 o qualsiasi mini-PC a basso consumo funzionano bene. La sincronizzazione iniziale richiede 1-3 giorni a seconda dell'hardware e della banda.